ÿWPC£ 'a 1WGÄaYÝÛÌrß‘HìÓœŒs!òzw‚¢B¤8…k;nÿ‰LÜV‰Ï¿ïµ¦ª“ãÓ“/óÍJK‰výÎú¡<Ö×u H»we©‘57ã%Œ½ò˜f\’õ+_‹Fãx[«º‹R) Ù8ÀL‚æ*ã΄êL9³:*$x½®A–O)m8 œ× LšËØcQðšëeYSA¾`‹ÒÚº=îz $ît‹×Ý gî…Çý—C«‘-õœd#kȈl÷lÍù}–†œL}ûǯ27=ªÂ†éާè%ö³¸G*’=)ŸJfD#c\äXõ!›’~ð #!¶UN× %% 0(+w@S4“§¶ m¸Ïf×f=˜EPSON LP-1500Sðìðôôððì0xÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ > D? D@ A DB C DD DE F G D8Ü s BiI ,‚3|xG  ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ  \Ñ\RÊ6Æ&ÿA4\Ñ \Ñ\RÊ6Æ&ÿA4\ÑÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý›òòò òÓ€ÓÑ€ @ªÑÑ€ @ªÑÑ8€ãaXXdìdÈ8ÑÔ€ pþ!XXÔÓ  ÓÑTRWàÊ6Æ&ÿA43Ø'Ê6Æ&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑGLOBAL€NETWORK€FOR€RESEARCH€AND€EDUCATION:Ð ° ÐDRIFT€OR€MASTERY?ÌÔ€ô²õ! pþÔÓ  ÓÓ€Óóóó óYoneyuki€SUGITAÐ d´ ÐOsaka€University€of€Foreign€StudiesÌsugita@post01.osaka„gaidai.ac.jpÌH„NET,€Michigan€State€UniversityÌ27€September€1997ò òòòÐ „ Ô ÐÓ€ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡¼»õô²ÔINTRODUCTIONÔ#†ô²õ»¼u#ÔÔ‡¼»õô²ÔÐ L œ  ÐÔ#†ô²õ»¼Ã#ÔÔ€XãaXõô²Ôà  àóóó óGlobalization€is€the€key€to€H„NETððs€future.€€Incorporating€different€views€and€ideasÐ ê :  Ðvia€the€Internet€may€enrich€communication€and€mutual€understanding€among€scholarsÏthroughout€the€world.€€This€paper€makes€four€major€proposals€in€order€to€facilitate€H„NETÏglobalization,€then€discusses€the€likely€challenges€we€will€have€to€overcome€to€make€thisÏglobalization€project€successful.€€€€Ì(1)€A€systematic€interpretation€service€would€be€necessary€to€overcome€language€barriers€inÏorder€to€bring€about€more€fruitful€dialogue€among€scholars€around€the€world.Ì(2)€H„NET€should€expand€its€global€network€through€affiliation€agreements.Ì(3)€H„NET€should€stimulate€global€research€cooperation€through€the€Internet€by€providingÏpublishing€opportunities,€holding€online€academic€conferences,€and€issuing€an€electronicÏjournal.€€Ì(4)€H„NET€should€implement€Internet€distance€education€for€adult€students€around€the€world.€Ì€ò òòòÐ ‚Ò# ÐÔ‡¼»XXãaÔI.€€INTERNATIONALIZATION€OF€H„NETÔ#†XãaX»¼ #ÔÐ ä4% Ðóóó óà  àThere€is€no€doubt€that€English€is€the€dominant€language€in€H„NET,€or€for€that€matter,Ð ‚!Ò' Ðacross€the€Internet.€€For€example,€H„Japan€is€a€bilingual€list;€however,€the€majority€ofÏsubscribers€submit€their€messages€in€English.€€Japanese€scholars€tend€to€avoid€reading€longÏmessages€in€English.€€If€they€do€not€grasp€the€content€written€in€English,€they€will€not€respondÏeven€if€they€have€some€expertise€on€that€particular€subject.€€In€short,€there€is€a€significantÏlanguage€barrier€in€H„Japan.€€H„Japan€tentatively€deals€with€this€problem€by€using€translators.€ÏThe€Kansai€Institute€of€Asia„Pacific€Studies€(KIAPS)€provides€funds€for€this€project;€however,Ïhiring€translators€is€very€expensive.€€We€cannot€translate€as€many€messages€as€we€wish€due€toÏbudget€constraints.€€We€translate€only€the€minimum€number€of€critically€important€messagesÏfrom€English€into€Japanese.€€We€also€have€a€high€demand€for€translating€Japanese€messagesÏinto€English.€€Even€though€Japanese€subscribers€have€expressed€their€gratitude€toward€thisÐ V/¦*; ÐÑ @ªÑâ  âÑTRWàÊ6Æ&ÿA4WàÊ6Æ&ÿA4Ê6Æ&ÿA4Ê6Æ&ÿA4TÑâ  âÑ  Ñtranslation€service,€our€budget€may€prevent€H„Japan€from€offering€it€next€year.€€We€need€aÐ ° Ðmore€systematic€approach€to€solve€the€language€problem.Ìà  àCreating€H„Language€Arts€(H„LA:€tentative€title)€would€be€the€first€step€to€envision€aÏmulti„language€H„NET.€€Major€universities€around€the€world€have€foreign€languageÏdepartments€and€graduate€schools€for€foreign€language€studies.€€They€encourage€their€studentsÏto€study€abroad€and€make€an€effort€to€expand€student€exchange€programs€with€foreignÏinstitutions.€€Taking€advantage€of€these€opportunities,€thousands€of€students€learn€foreignÏlanguages€and€cultures€every€year€and€many€of€them€even€become€fluent€in€foreign€languages.€ÏMany€students€in€these€institutions€hope€to€be€professional€translators€in€the€future.€€They€haveÏforeign€language€skills€and€are€looking€for€good€opportunities€to€acquire€experience€at€anÏestablished€organization€before€they€become€professional€translators.€€H„NET€is€looking€forÏtranslators.€€It€does€not€have€the€funds€to€pay€for€translation€service€but€H„NET€can€provideÏinternship€for€qualified€foreign€language€majors.€€H„LA€will€be€a€list€to€link€these€twoÏdemands.€€Ìà  àUnder€the€supervision€of€faculty€editors,€H„LA€will€enlist€possible€translators€ofÏdifferent€foreign€languages€as€H„LA€staff€members.€€When€H„NET€editors€need€translationÏservice,€they€will€send€messages€to€H„LA.€€The€H„LA€editors€will€then€send€them€to€their€staffÏmembers€for€translation.€€The€staff€members€will€send€the€translated€messages€back€to€the€listÏthrough€the€H„LA€editors.€€List€editors€may€have€to€help€translate€technical€terms,€but€H„LAÏstaff€members€will€do€most€of€the€work.€€When€the€translated€messages€appear€on€the€list,€theÏlist€will€also€publish€the€translatorsðð€names€on€the€list.€€Ìà  àEven€though€home€pages€of€H„NET€lists€are€helpful€tools€for€subscribers,€most€ofÏthem€are€written€in€English.€€H„LA€staff€members€may€also€make€a€translated€version€of€theÏmain€home€page.€€H„Japan€has€already€tried€to€do€this€by€putting€a€welcome€note€in€JapaneseÏas€well€as€in€English€on€H„Japanððs€web€page;€however,€this€is€just€the€beginning.€€€H„NETÏcurrently€spends€a€tremendous€amount€of€energy€in€web€page€making.€€The€H„NET€web€pageÏis€undoubtedly€one€of€the€richest€academic€sources€in€the€world.€€Making€translated€versionsÏof€H„NET€home€pages€in€several€languages€such€as€in€French,€German,€Chinese,€Japanese,Ïetc.€with€the€help€of€H„LA€staff€members€may€attract€more€scholars€outside€the€English„¼speaking€world.€€€€€Ìà  àIn€order€to€implement€H„NET€internationalization,€it€is€also€helpful€to€establish€aÐ ,.|)< Ðglobal€network€among€scholarly€organizations€through€affiliation€agreements.€€We€held€an€ÌH„NET€demonstration€at€the€annual€meeting€of€the€Japan€Association€of€American€StudiesÏ(JAAS)€this€spring.€€JAAS€has€recognized€the€usefulness€of€the€Internet€for€research€andÏeducation€of€American€studies,€and€is€currently€considering€establishing€a€permanent€sessionÏfor€ð ðglobal€network€and€American€Studies.ðð€€It€may€be€possible€for€H„NET€to€make€anÏaffiliation€agreement€with€JAAS€in€which€H„NET€will€provide€the€necessary€know„how€onÏglobal€networking€among€scholars,€while€¢JAAS£€will€introduce€books€and€articles€concerningÏAmerican€studies€written€in€Japanese€to€the€world€in€English.€€H„NET€may€also€concludeÏsimilar€agreements€with€a€series€of€non„US€scholarly€organizations.€€This€way,€H„NET€listsÏmay€be€able€to€publish€an€introduction€in€English€of€an€important€book€on€the€Marshall€PlanÏwritten€in€German€or€a€summary€in€English€of€an€article€on€Sino„American€Relations€written€inÏChinese.€€Ìà  àConcluding€affiliation€agreements€with€established€foreign€organizations€may€also€helpÏH„NET€to€recruit€new€subscribers.€€€Scholars€around€the€world€join€at€least€a€few€scholarlyÏorganizations€even€if€they€have€never€heard€of€H„NET.€€When€H„NET€concludes€€affiliationÏagreements€with€these€organizations€throughout€the€world,€they€may€disseminate€informationÏabout€H„NET€through€their€newsletters,€pamphlets,€and€journals.€€For€example,€H„USA€justÏconcluded€an€affiliation€agreement€with€the€Kansai€American€Center€of€the€United€StatesÏInformation€Agency€(KAC).€€¢KAC£€agreed€to€disseminate€information€on€H„USA€through€theirÏmail,€newsletter,€and€library€display€(free€handouts).€€The€Director€of€KAC€often€talks€aboutÏthe€usefulness€and€bright€future€of€H„NET€on€various€occasions.€€This€ð ðword€of€mouthððÏpromotion€by€the€Director€of€KAC€has€been€very€helpful€to€recruit€new€H„USA€subscribers€inÏJapan.€€€€€€Ìà  àIn€summation,€solving€the€language€problem€and€building€a€global€network€amongÏexisting€organizations€will€be€a€major€step€towards€H„NET€internationalization.€€H„LanguageÏArts€with€well„thought€planning€and€affiliation€agreements€with€established€foreignÏorganizations€may€contribute€to€this€effort.€€€ÌÌò òòòÔ‡¼»XXãaÔII.€€INTERNATIONAL€DISTANCE€RESEARCHÔ#†XãaX»¼}!#ÔÐ h+¸&8 Ðóóó óà  àPublishing€opportunities€attract€scholars€while€publishers€and€the€media€constantlyÐ -V(: Ðlook€for€expertise,€new€ideas,€interesting€perspectives,€different€views,€and€epoch„makingÐ h.¸)< ÐÑ @ªÑâ  âÑTRWàÊ6Æ&ÿA4WàÊ6Æ&ÿA4Ê6Æ&ÿA4Ê6Æ&ÿA4TÑâ  âÑ  Ñmethodologies.€€H„NET€can€help€bridge€their€interests.€€We€may€establish€H„Project€(tentativeÐ ° Ðtitle)€€similar€to€H„Announce,€in€which€we€collect€information€and€demands€from€publishers,Ïthe€media,€and€scholars.€€Publishers€that€may€be€interested€in€finding€contributors€to€theirÏencyclopedias€may€send€their€requests€to€H„Project.€€A€monthly€magazine,€which€is€lookingÏfor€those€who€can€make€professional€comments€on€Japan„US€security€issues,€may€send€theirÏinquiries€to€H„Project.€€Scholars€who€have€publication€propositions€may€send€their€projectÏproposals€to€H„Project.€€The€primary€purpose€of€H„Project€will€be€to€provide€a€forum€forÏthose€who€search€for€more€productive€and€efficient€methods€of€scholarly€publication.€€Ìà  àMost€of€the€H„NET€lists€play€the€role€of€a€giant€electronic€daily€bulletin€board€thatÏmainly€deals€with€the€exchange€of€information€on€upcoming€conferences,€call„for„papers,€andÏbook€reviews.€€Indeed,€this€is€important,€but€scholars€also€expect€H„NET€to€provide€them€withÏopportunities€for€making€presentations€and€for€publishing€their€papers.€€H„Project€can€satisfyÏboth€of€these€expectations.€€Ì(1)€H„Project:€Online€ConferenceÌà  àWe€have€hundreds€of€scholarly€conferences€all€over€the€world€every€year.€€Why€do€weÏneed€a€ð ðOnline€Conferenceðð?€Ìà  à(A)€We€may€save€expenses,€gain€a€wider€audience,€and€have€a€more€thoroughÏexchange€of€opinions€about€the€papers.€€By€holding€an€online€conference,€we€do€not€have€toÏcontend€with€geographical€and€time€constraints;€consequently,€more€people€from€every€cornerÏof€the€globe€may€ð ðvirtuallyðð€participate€in€the€conference.€€Moreover,€instead€of€the€15„30Ïminutes€normally€allotted€to€each€presenter€at€our€regular€conference,€he/she€will€have€moreÏtime€(space)€to€express€fully€his/her€ideas€and€perspectives.€€€Similarly,€the€participants€mayÏask€more€questions€and€exchange€opinions€more€fully€with€the€presenter.€€In€addition,€thereÏmay€be€an€opportunity€for€more€dialogue€among€the€participants.€€Ìà  à(B)€We€can€store€not€only€the€papers€that€the€presenters€deliver€but€also€the€contentsÏof€comments,€questions,€responses,€discussions,€and€dialogues€among€participants€on€the€web.€Ïà  à(C)€We€may€anticipate€closer€communication€across€the€H„NET€lists.€€H„NET€policy€isÏthat€each€list€has€the€maximum€autonomy.€€Because€of€this€feature,€editors€of€each€list€useÏtheir€imagination€and€creativity€to€make€it€as€unique€as€possible;€however,€the€autonomyÏpolicy€may€also€prevent€lists€from€communicating€with€each€other.€€H„NET€has€H„Staff€andÏH„Announce€to€solve€this€ð ðisolation€problem,ðð€but€we€may€need€to€make€more€of€an€effort€toÐ ,.|)< Ðestablish€a€closer€linkage€among€the€H„NET€lists.€€A€cyberspace€conference€under€H„ProjectÏmay€incorporate€such€efforts€if€we€choose€themes€carefully.€€For€example,€H„Project€may€planÏto€hold€a€conference€under€the€common€theme:€ð ðGlobal€Security€after€the€Cold€War.ðð€€WeÏmay€have€paper€presenters,€commentators,€and€an€audience€from€different€lists,€and€precipitateÏdiscussion€sessions€on€various€lists.€€ÌÌ(2)€H„Project:€Electronic€JournalÌà  àIt€is€time€for€H„NET€to€give€serious€thought€to€publishing€the€òòJournal€of€H„NETÐ ^®  Ðóó(tentative€title).€€Publishing€a€high€standard€journal€is€indispensable€for€any€serious€scholarlyÐ À  Ðorganization.€€H„NET€already€has€a€large€number€of€senior€scholars,€so€we€may€not€have€tooÏmuch€difficulty€in€finding€reviewers€to€maintain€the€quality€of€the€journal.€€We€may€storeÏpublished€articles€on€the€web€page,€accessible€with€a€search€function.€€òò€óóSince€anybody€in€theÐ æ6 Ðworld€who€has€a€¢www£„capable€browser€can€read€articles€of€the€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óóand€mayÐ H˜ Ðdistribute€them€for€educational€purposes€free€of€charge,€the€authors€may€reasonably€expect€aÏlarger€audience€for€their€works;€consequently,€the€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óómay€probably€attractÐ  \ Ðscholars€who€are€not€yet€on€the€net€and€help€H„NET€expand€its€membership.€€Ìà  àThe€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óómay€have€no€submission€deadline€as€other€scholarly€journalsÐ Ð   Ðdo.€€€H„NET€subscribers€may€submit€manuscripts€on€any€subject€which€H„NET€deals€with€atÏany€time€to€H„Project.€€H„Project€editors€will€pass€the€manuscripts€to€reviewers.€€When€weÏsubmit€our€manuscripts€to€print€journals,€it€can€take€over€a€year€before€it€is€published.€€€TheÏòòJournal€of€H„NETóó€will€drastically€reduce€this€time€lag.€€Instead€of€publishing€once,€twice€orÐ X ¨( Ðfour€times€a€year,€the€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óówill€publish€manuscripts€as€soon€as€reviewersÐ º! * Ðapprove€them,€the€same€way€we€publish€book€reviews.€€In€addition,€the€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óóhasÐ #l, Ðno€space€limitations;€consequently,€it€can€publish€all€the€approved€manuscripts€in€a€timelyÏmanner.€Ìà  àIn€summation,€H„NET€has€contributed€ñ ña€great€deal€ñ ñto€the€scholarly€community€a€greatÏdeal€by€publishing€a€daily€newsletter€in€which€people€ñ‘ ñcan€ñ‘ ñexchange€useful€information€andÏñ’ ñengage€in€a€ñ’ ñbrief€exchange€of€opinions€on€particular€concepts,€ideas,€and€views;€however,€ñ“ ñÌñ“ ñH„NET€should€ñ” ñcontinuñ” ññ• ññ” ñteñ” ññ• ññ– ñe€to€ñ– ñmove€forward€to€provide€opportunities€for€virtual€globalÏconferences€and€publications.€€H„Project€will€be€a€key€list€for€ñ— ñthe€successfuñ— ññ˜ ññ— ñylñ— ññ˜ ññ™ ñlÏñ™ ñinternationalization€of€H„NET.Ð ,.|)< ЇÔ‡¼»XXãaÔòòò òIII.€INTERNATIONAL€DISTANCE€EDUCATIONÐ ° ÐÔ#†XãaX»¼:#Ôóóó óà  àH„NET€exists€not€only€for€research€but€also€for€education.€€€H„Project€may€alsoÐ Nž Ðcontribute€to€an€innovative€educational€project:€international€distance€education€through€theÏInternet.€€Since€the€information€revolution€has€now€made€it€possible€to€disregard€time€andÏspace,€those€who€may€have€difficulty€in€finding€a€block€of€time€to€attend€classes€will€mostÏlikely€find€cyberspace€distance€education€attractive;€consequently,€H„Project€should€targetÏadult€students€primarily.€€Instead€of€worrying€about€earning€credits€and€getting€good€grades,ÏH„NET€distance€learners€may€cultivate€their€intellectual€interests,€touch€the€surface€of€theÏcombined€wisdom€of€civilization,€seek€out€deeper€knowledge€and€root€causes€of€current€issuesÏand€problems,€and€strengthen€their€expertise.€€H„NET€distance€education€may€bridge€world„¼leading€scholarship€and€the€interests€of€the€general€public.€€Using€the€H„NET€scholarlyÏnetwork,€we€may€establish€an€international€team€consisting€of€lecturers€from€all€over€theÏworld.€€The€audience,€then,€will€be€able€to€experience€different€perspectives€under€the€sameÏtopic.€€For€example,€scholars€from€Japan,€Germany,€China,€and€the€United€States€may€offerÏdifferent€views€under€the€common€theme€ð ðGlobal€Security€after€the€Cold€War.ðð€Ìà  àPublic€online€lectures€by€well„known€scholars€will€disseminate€scholarship€among€aÏmuch€wider€audience.€€Discussion€sessions€will€deepen€their€understandings€and€precipitateÏnew€questions.€€If€H„NETððs€aims€include€establishing€a€global€network€for€education€as€well€asÏresearch,€global€distance€education€will€be€a€new€frontier€which€we€should€explore.Ìà  àEven€though€cyberspace€distance€education€may€overcome€time€and€space,€theÏlanguage€problem€remains.€€This€is€where€H„Project€and€H„LA€may€cooperate€with€eachÏother.€€H„LA€staff€members€will€translate€lectures€in€English€into€several€languages€and€storeÏthem€on€the€web€page.€€They€may€also€translate€non„English€lectures€into€English€and€otherÏlanguages.€€This€would€help€introduce€non„English€scholarship€to€the€world.€€If€successful,€thisÏproject€will€be€so€innovative€and€dramatic€that€H„NET€may€rapidly€expand€to€non„EnglishÏspeaking€areas€around€the€world.€.€€Ìà  àIn€summation,€global€distance€education€requires€us€to€hurdle€three€barriers:€time,Ïspace,€and€language€differences.€€The€ñÌ ñIñÌ ñnformation€ñÍ ñrñÍ ññÎ ñRñÎ ñevolution€ñÏ ñhas€allowed€us€to€surpass€ñÏ ññÐ ñsurpassed€ñÐ ñtheÏfirst€two€problems€while€H„LA€may€clear€the€third€one.€€This€project€provides€opportunitiesÏfor€the€world€community€to€ñÑ ñinvoñÑ ññÒ ññÑ ñoñÑ ññÒ ññÓ ñlve€itself€with€the€ñÓ ññÔ ñlearn€a€ñÔ ñcutting€edge€of€ñÕ ñthe€ñÕ ñacademia.€€€€€€€Ìà  àÐ h.¸)< Ðò òòòÔ‡¼»XXãaÔIV.€€CHALLENGESÐ ° Ðó óóóÔ#†XãaX»¼|E#Ô1.€€Can€we€recruit€enough€qualified€staff€members€for€H„Language€Arts?Ð Nž ÐConsidering€the€number€of€departments€of€foreign€studies€and€foreign€languages€throughoutÏthe€world,€there€is€great€potential€to€recruit€H„Language€Arts€staff€members.€€€ÌÌ2.€€Can€we€assure€the€quality€of€translation?ÌH„Japan€already€has€some€experience€with€this.€€As€for€translating€general€announcementsÏsuch€as€calls€for€papers€and€job€openings€into€Japanese,€H„Japan€staff€interpreters€have€done€aÏgreat€job€even€though€H„Japan€editors€sometimes€have€had€to€help€with€the€Japanese€wordsÏfor€some€technical€terms.€€We€have€never€tried€to€ask€H„Japan€staff€members€to€translate€bookÏreviews€or€complicated€exchanges€of€discussions,€but€it€would€be€more€difficult€for€staffÏmembers€to€translate€them.€€We€may€have€to€make€an€announcement€in€advance€that€studentsÏare€translating€the€messages€and€that€they€may€not€be€perfect€translations€as€a€result.€€With€theÏhelp€of€list€editors,€we€may€expect€to€maintain€an€acceptable€level€of€translation€quality.€€€€€ÌÌ3.€€What€kind€of€obligation€do€we€have€to€assume€when€we€conclude€an€affiliation€agreement?ÌEach€affiliation€agreement€is€different€and€it€is€difficult€to€make€generalizations;€however,€ÌH„NET€may€provide€rich€resources€and€technical€know„how.€€We€often€offer€to€create€a€webÏpage€for€affiliated€organizations.€€In€other€words,€what€we€have€to€do€is€to€extend€alreadyÏexisting€services€to€new€affiliated€organizations€and€this€may€not€constitute€much€of€a€burdenÏfor€us.€€€€Ì€€Ì4.€€Does€it€cost€much€to€hold€a€cyberspace€conference?ÌWe€have€to€ask€for€the€help€of€paid€staff€members€(primarily€students€at€the€Michigan€StateÏUniversity)€to€organize€conferences.€€Other€than€that,€there€would€be€no€extra€costs€to€holdÏconferences.€€In€fact,€ñü ñcyberspaceñü ññý ñonlineñý ñ€conferences€will€save€ñþ ñparticipants€ñþ ña€substantial€amount€ofÏexpenses€of€the€participants€for€their€travel€and€lodging€as€well€as€ñÿ ñthe€ñÿ ñtime€and€energy€of€staffÏmembers€ñ ñwho€would€normally€have€ñ ñto€ñ ñmakeñ ññ ñhandle€ñ ññ ñ€ñ ñthese€arrangements.€€Ì€Ì5.€€Will€ñ ñcyberspaceñ ññ ñonlineñ ñ€conferences€replace€normal€ones€we€are€currently€familiar€with?ÌNo,€they€will€not.€€Humanities€underlines€human€elements;€consequently,€nothing€will€replaceÐ h.¸)< Ðdirect€person„to„person€contact.€€Online€conferences€will€complement€normal€ones€in€order€toÏprovide€a€wider€audience€with€more€opportunities€to€exchange€ideas€freely.€€ÌÌ6.€€How€can€we€maintain€the€academic€level€of€the€òòJournal€of€H„NET?Ð Ö& ÐóóThe€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óóshould€follow€the€normal€review€procedures€of€other€establishedÐ 8 ˆ Ðscholarly€journals.€€It€should€have€a€team€of€editors€and€an€editorial€board,€and€sendÏanonymous€manuscripts€to€multiple€reviewers€for€their€professional€and€unbiased€evaluation.€€€€Ï€€Ìòòóó7.€€Can€we€find€appropriate€reviewers€without€paying€review€fees?Ð À  ÐUsing€the€H„NET€network,€it€may€not€be€too€difficult€to€find€suitable€reviewers.€€We€mightÏhave€to€consider€paying€nominal€review€fees€to€reviewers€in€the€future.€€In€that€case,€we€mayÏhave€to€request€those€who€submit€manuscripts€to€pay€non„refundable€ð ðsubmission€feesðð€toÏcover€the€cost.€€They€might€be€more€careful€about€the€content€and€quality€of€their€manuscriptsÏif€the€òòJournal€of€H„NET€óóemploys€this€ð ðsubmission€feeðð€policy.€€Ð ªú ЀÌ8.€€Do€students€have€to€pay€for€distance€education?ÌEducation€is€a€dear€investment.€€We€will€expect€students€to€pay€for€H„NET€distanceÏeducation.€€ÌÌ9.€€If€we€do€not€provide€university€credits,€how€can€we€expect€adult€students€to€take€H„NETÏdistance€lectures?ÌOsaka€University€of€Foreign€Studies€offers€a€series€of€public€lectures€to€the€general€publicÏevery€year.€€It€costs€about€fifty€dollars€and€we€issue€only€a€certificate€of€completion€whenÏpeople€attend€the€majority€of€lectures.€€When€we€set€interesting€themes€such€as€global€ecologyÏor€€future€Japan„US€relations,€we€receive€more€applications€than€we€can€host.€€It€seems€thatÏadult€students€are€thirsty€for€intellectual€stimulation;€consequently,€if€we€continue€to€come€upÏwith€inspiring€themes,€more€and€more€adult€students€will€surely€take€ñ& ñan€ñ& ñinterest€in€H„NETÏdistance€education.€€ÌÌò òòòÔ‡¼»XXãaÔCONCLUDING€OBSERVATIONSÔ#†XãaX»¼ÏV#Ôó óóóÐ Ê,(: Ðà  àThe€Information€Revolution€has€effectively€eliminated€the€previously€limitingÐ h.¸)< Ðconstraints€of€time€and€space,€which,€in€turn,€has€made€it€possible€for€us€to€explore€a€newÏfrontier:€a€more€effective€globalization€of€the€academic€community.€€H„NET€should€aim€atÏsupporting€this€exploration.€€Translation€service€will€facilitate€more€effective€communication€inÏthe€international€academic€community.€€Global€networking€through€affiliation€agreements€willÏdisseminate€H„NET€throughout€ñ> ñ€ñ> ñthe€world.€€Providing€publishing€opportunities,€holdingÏcyberspace€conferences,€and€ñ? ñmakingñ? ññ@ ñpublishing€ñ@ ññA ñ€ñA ñan€electronic€journal€will€serve€the€needs€of€scholarsÏñB ñall€over€ñB ññC ñin€ñC ñthe€world.€€ñD ñCyberspaceñD ññE ñInternetñE ñ€distance€education€will€make€it€possible€for€anybody€in€the€worldÏto€ñF ñpursue€and€even€respond€to€the€combined€thoughts€and€ñF ññG ñlearn€ñG ñwisdom€of€world„leading€scholarsÏonline.€€Even€though€there€are€formidable€challenges€we€have€to€overcome,€globalization€holdsÏthe€future€of€H„NET.€€